Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

The federal needs-based benefit for people who are aged, blind or disabled and have little income or savings: how it differs from Social Security disability, what counts against it, and how to appeal.

Looking for a lawyer rather than a definition? Skip to the state-by-state list of Social Security law firms.

What it means

Supplemental Security Income is a monthly federal payment for people who are 65 or older, blind, or disabled, and who have very limited income and resources. Unlike Social Security Disability Insurance, it does not depend on work history or past payroll taxes; it is funded from general revenue and administered by the Social Security Administration. Adults must meet the same definition of disability as for SSDI, an inability to do substantial gainful activity because of a medically determinable impairment expected to last at least a year or end in death; children are assessed under a separate standard. Some people qualify for both programs at once. In most states, SSI eligibility also brings Medicaid.

Almost everything counts. Earned and unearned income reduce the payment under a formula with some exclusions, and the resource limit, set by statute and not raised for decades, is low; a home, one car and some other items are excluded. Free shelter from someone else, such as living rent-free with family, can reduce the payment. The income and resources of a spouse, or of the parents of a child, can be counted (deemed) as the applicant's. Recipients must report changes promptly, and unreported changes lead to overpayments that SSA will try to recover; a recipient can ask for reconsideration or a waiver if they were not at fault and repayment would be unfair.

Denials, reductions and overpayment decisions can be appealed in the same steps as other Social Security decisions: reconsideration, a hearing before an administrative law judge, review by the Appeals Council, and then federal court. Asking for reconsideration quickly can keep payments going while the appeal is decided. Money that would put a recipient over the limit can sometimes be protected in a special needs trust or an ABLE account. See also Social Security disability appeals.

Where this comes from

When people hire a lawyer for this

Many people apply on their own, but a disability lawyer or advocate is worth having for a hearing before an administrative law judge, where representation makes a measurable difference. Representatives' fees in SSI and Social Security disability cases must be approved by SSA and generally come out of past-due benefits, so there is usually no fee unless you win. Legal aid programs often handle SSI overpayment and termination cases at no cost.

Worried about the cost? A lawyer can be hired for one part of a case only (limited-scope representation), may be paid from what a claim recovers (contingency fee), or may be free through a pro bono program or legal aid; a court can also waive its own filing fees.

Find Social Security law firms in your state

Choose your state to see Social Security law firms in the city where we list the most; your city may be under “other cities”, A to Z. A state marked “Health Care” has no Social Security listing yet and opens the broader page.

• Alabama (Birmingham)
  +1 other city

  • Montgomery
• Alaska (Anchorage, Health Care)
• Arizona (Mesa, Health Care)
  +6 other cities

  • Chandler
  • Gilbert
  • Glendale
  • Phoenix
  • Scottsdale
  • Tucson
• Arkansas (Little Rock)
• California (Anaheim)
  +19 other cities

  • Chula Vista
  • Fontana
  • Fremont
  • Fresno
  • Irvine
  • Long Beach
  • Los Angeles
  • Modesto
  • Oakland
  • Oxnard
  • Riverside
  • Sacramento
  • and 7 more with fewer listed firms
• Colorado (Aurora)
  +2 other cities

  • Colorado Springs
  • Denver
• Connecticut (Bridgeport)
• Delaware (Wilmington, Health Care)
• District of Columbia (Washington, Health Care)
• Florida (Orlando)
  +3 other cities

  • Jacksonville
  • St Petersburg
  • Tampa
• Georgia (Atlanta)
• Hawaii (Honolulu, Health Care)
• Idaho (Boise, Health Care)
• Illinois (Chicago)
• Indiana (Fort Wayne)
  +1 other city

  • Indianapolis
• Iowa (Des Moines)
• Kansas (Wichita)
• Kentucky (Lexington)
  +1 other city

  • Louisville
• Louisiana (Baton Rouge)
  +2 other cities

  • New Orleans
  • Shreveport
• Maine (Portland, Health Care)
• Maryland (Baltimore)
• Massachusetts (Boston)
• Michigan (Detroit)
• Minnesota (Minneapolis)
  +1 other city

  • Saint Paul
• Mississippi (Jackson, Health Care)
• Missouri (Kansas City)
  +1 other city

  • St. Louis
• Montana (Billings, Health Care)
• Nebraska (Lincoln)
  +1 other city

  • Omaha
• Nevada (Las Vegas, Health Care)
  +3 other cities

  • Henderson
  • North Las Vegas
  • Reno
• New Hampshire (Manchester)
• New Jersey (Jersey City)
  +1 other city

  • Newark
• New Mexico (Albuquerque)
• New York (Buffalo)
  +1 other city

  • Rochester
• North Carolina (Greensboro)
  +5 other cities

  • Charlotte
  • Durham
  • Fayetteville
  • Raleigh
  • Winston-Salem
• North Dakota (Fargo)
• Ohio (Cincinnati)
  +3 other cities

  • Cleveland
  • Columbus
  • Toledo
• Oklahoma (Oklahoma City)
  +1 other city

  • Tulsa
• Oregon (Portland, Health Care)
• Pennsylvania (Philadelphia)
  +1 other city

  • Pittsburgh
• Rhode Island (Providence)
• South Carolina (Columbia)
• South Dakota (Sioux Falls, Health Care)
• Tennessee (Nashville)
  +1 other city

  • Memphis
• Texas (Arlington)
  +10 other cities

  • Austin
  • Corpus Christi
  • Dallas
  • Fort Worth
  • Garland
  • Houston
  • Irving
  • Lubbock
  • Plano
  • San Antonio
• Utah (Salt Lake City, Health Care)
• Vermont (Burlington, Health Care)
• Virginia (Chesapeake)
  +3 other cities

  • Norfolk
  • Richmond
  • Virginia Beach
• Washington (Tacoma, Health Care)
  +2 other cities

  • Seattle
  • Spokane
• West Virginia (Charleston)
• Wisconsin (Madison)
  +1 other city

  • Milwaukee
• Wyoming (Cheyenne, Health Care)

Related terms

Other entries in the same area of law, each written from the same primary sources.

• Advance Directive and Living WillDocuments recording medical treatment wishes, and naming who decides, if a person becomes unable to decide for themselves.
• Civil Commitment (Involuntary Psychiatric Hospitalization)The state-law process by which a person can be held and treated in a psychiatric facility against their will - the emergency hold, the court hearing, the standard of dangerousness, and the constitutional limits on all three.
• COBRA Continuation CoverageThe federal right to stay on an employer's group health plan after leaving the job, losing hours, divorcing, or a covered employee's death - at the full premium, for a limited period, if elected in time.
• Elder Abuse and Adult Protective ServicesWhat the law counts as abuse, neglect or exploitation of an older or dependent adult, who must report it, what Adult Protective Services can and cannot do, and the civil and criminal remedies that follow.
• EMTALA (Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act)The federal law that requires a hospital emergency department to screen and stabilize anyone who comes through the door, regardless of insurance or ability to pay, before it may transfer or discharge them.
• Fair Hearing (Public Benefits)The hearing you are entitled to before benefits such as Medicaid or SNAP are cut off or denied - a constitutional right, not an agency courtesy.
• False Claims Act and Health Care Whistleblowers (Qui Tam)The federal statute under which false billing to Medicare or Medicaid carries treble damages and per-claim penalties, and the qui tam procedure that lets a private person sue in the government's name and share the recovery.
• Health Plan Claim Denial and AppealThe structured process for challenging a refusal to cover treatment - internal appeal first, then in most cases an independent external review.
• HIPAA and Your Medical RecordsThe federal privacy rules for health information - including a right to get a copy of your own records, which is narrower and more practical than the privacy rule people usually mean.
• Hospital Financial Assistance and Medical DebtThe federal rules that make a nonprofit hospital publish a financial assistance policy, limit what it may charge eligible patients, and restrict how it collects - and what a patient with a medical bill can do with them.
• Informed ConsentA patient's agreement to treatment after being told the risks and alternatives - and a signed form is evidence that the conversation happened, not proof that it was adequate.
• Life Insurance Claim DenialThe common reasons life insurers deny or delay death benefits, how the rules differ for employer group policies under ERISA, and what beneficiaries can do about disputes over who gets paid.
• Medicaid Estate RecoveryThe federal requirement that a state recover the cost of long-term care Medicaid paid for from the estate of the person who received it after they die - the reason the family home is at stake, and the exemptions and hardship rules that limit it.
• Medical Malpractice and the Standard of CareA negligence claim against a healthcare provider, judged against what a reasonably competent practitioner in the same field would have done.
• Medicare AppealsThe five-level process for challenging a Medicare denial - of a claim, a service, a hospital discharge, or a nursing-home stay - with a different deadline at each level and a fast track when the care is about to stop.
• Mental Health ParityThe federal requirement that a health plan covering mental-health or substance-use treatment cover it on terms no more restrictive than its medical and surgical coverage - in dollars, in visit limits, and in the prior-authorization and network rules that are harder to see.
• Nursing Home Residents' RightsThe federal bill of rights every Medicare- or Medicaid-certified nursing home must honor - dignity, choice, freedom from restraints and abuse, notice before transfer or discharge - and the inspection and complaint system that enforces it.
• Patient AbandonmentWhen a physician or provider may end a relationship with a patient, what notice and transition care they must give, and when ending it - or refusing to start it - becomes actionable.
• Psychotherapist-Patient PrivilegeThe rule that keeps what a patient tells a therapist out of court - who it covers, who holds it, how it is waived, and the duty-to-warn and child-abuse exceptions that override it.
• Refusing Medical TreatmentThe right of a competent adult to refuse any treatment, including one that keeps them alive; what happens when the patient cannot decide; and the limits the law places on it.
• Social Security Disability Appeal (SSDI and SSI)The four-step process for challenging a denied disability claim - and most claims are denied at the first step.
• Stark Law and the Anti-Kickback StatuteThe two federal laws that govern financial relationships in health care - the strict-liability ban on physician self-referral and the criminal ban on paying for referrals - and why nearly every practice arrangement has to fit an exception or a safe harbor.
• SubrogationThe right of an insurer or health plan that paid your bills to be repaid out of your settlement - the reason a recovery is often smaller than it looks.
• Surprise Medical Billing (No Surprises Act)The federal protection, since 2022, against a bill from an out-of-network provider the patient did not choose - the emergency room, the anesthesiologist at an in-network hospital, the air ambulance - and the good-faith estimate an uninsured patient can hold a provider to.
• Surrogate Decision-Maker (Default Surrogate Laws)Who makes medical decisions for a patient who cannot and who never named anyone - the ranked list most state laws supply, the standard the surrogate must apply, and what a surrogate cannot do.
• Veterans Disability CompensationThe tax-free monthly VA benefit for disabilities connected to military service: what service connection means, how ratings work, and the three ways to challenge a VA decision.

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